between “true” and “false” pietism—here so evaluated in view of its historical origins and intentions—is the crucial question: Will the vitality of Arndt’s protest and the viability of his program belie and falsify the Ritschlian view and overcome its current cultural and intellectual stigma? In German scholarship the beginnings of the Pietist Movement are usually identified with the publication of Philip Jakob Spener’s Pia Desideria (1675); but it should be remembered that these proposals for